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14-16: Calcium Removal from Cooling Tower Water by Ion ExchangeMake up waters with elevated calcium hardness tend to increase the risk of scaling in circulating cooling systems where the concentration of calcium increases through higher Cycles of Concentration (COC). To prevent calcium scaling, cooling towers control the calcium concentration in circulating loops by adjusting the volume of liquid blow down. In cases where calcium is the blow down determining constituent, the build up of calcium can severely limit

This is a piece of equipment which we prefer to be left to maintenance and operation by the heat transfer engineer

building inspectors and owners

Money is just as surely a corrosion engineer's tool as is a test coupon or a pH meter

new EPA testing methods

The phenomenon of cooling tower fill fouling was studied by examining the relationship of microorganisms

An explanation is offered for some of the silica specie reactions that are

By using an electrical braking technique

in-situ water conditions

and in 1965

Opportunities exist to utilize existing instrumentation in some cases along with new measurements to synthesize systems that are effective

Proper cooling system operation depends on maintaining clean system surfaces for optimum heat transfer and system longevity

It is the intent of the authors that this understanding these possible causes will aid in identifying the root cause of the occurrence